Maternal genetic origin of the late and final Neolithic human populations from present‐day Poland

Objective We aim to identify maternal genetic affinities between the Middle Final Neolithic (3850–2300 BC) populations from present-day Poland and possible influences Pontic steppe. Materials methods conducted ancient DNA studies associated with Złota, Globular Amphora, Funnel Beaker, Corded Ware cultures (CWC). sequenced genomic libraries on Illumina platform generate 86 complete mitochondrial genomes. Some of samples were enriched for using hybridization capture. Results The composition found in Złota-associated individuals resembled that people Amphora culture which indicates both groups likely originated same background. Further, these two closely related Beaker culture-associated population. None shared a close affinity CWC-associated people. Haplogroup U4 was present only CWC group absent Złota group, cultures. Discussion prevalence haplogroups farmer origin identified Early, Late suggests continuity lineages studied area. Although overlapping time – some extent cultural expressions, none (Złota, Beaker), people, indicating larger influence steppe than exchange. higher frequency haplogroup U5b suggest gradual influx Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Moreover, presence is most migrations at end supports observed distances.